The Nine Tailors Essay Example For Students

The Nine Tailors Essay The given concentrate from The Nine Tailors by Dorothy Sayers discusses the horrendous agony experienced by the character, Wimsey by a fairly basic idea of a noisy commotion. The entry has a brief start and end, further giving it an entire look. In this entry, highlights, for example, language, style, sentence structure and portrayal have been dissected, depicting the compelling manners by which Sayers has shown Wimseys sentiments. The style of the writer is lavish and emotive, giving a sensational impact to the perusers. The language utilized is concrete and graphic, and intense. Sayers has rarely utilized redundancy and has figured out how to utilize a different jargon. In any case, so as to weight on the extraordinary slant experienced by the character, words like shameless, reel and totter have been rehashed. The word bold in the exemplification the audacious wrath of the chimes portrays the degree to which the character finds the sound of the ringers anguishing and noisy, nearly showing it to be outright and indecent. The word rage further offers persona to the sound, and in like manner the sound can be known as the adversary of this entry. It must be noticed that there is no hero as such in this section, consequently making the peruser center exclusively around the cynicism of the sound and its belongings. We will compose a custom paper on The Nine Tailors explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The language utilized is for the most part of feeling and there is no explanation at all showed in this entry :- unbearable high pitched clangor, raving franticness, shocked and shaken. The creator has, in this manner, depended on utilizing limit as far as showing sentiment of the speaker, which could likewise be a direct result of the omniscient perspective. The impact this has on the peruser is one of shock, at the level of agony felt by just a specific sound, and compassion. Simultaneously Sayers guarantees that the peruser can keep up a simple progression of perusing all through the section, as the peruser before long understands that no explanation is included. The language scarcely has any control shown, as the creator unmistakably expresses the speakers emotions over and over and transparently, thus very little implication is required to make sense of what the speaker is thinking or feeling. It was savage torment, a pounding, beating, ran-dan, insane, deplorable torment. The e mbodiment savage agony infers how the character felt smothered by the sound. The emotions evoked in this entry are somewhat extreme and generally downbeat, however because of the force the pressure is viably assembled. The sentences are even, with a scant use of expressions. He advanced down to the spire entryway and climbed the step to the ringing chamber. In any case overall, the entry isn't as adjusted as it concentrates just on one territory of feeling, aside from the end passage. This aides in making the significance and keeping the consistent yet anxious musicality. The accentuation utilized was normal, with generally full stops and commas. Caesura was utilized in the entry just to list down the portrayal of the clamor. ear-splitting, high, sweet, tireless note went wounding and shuddering. This babbling of depiction of the commotion, alongside the agony, presentations to the peruser the main two things that were engaged by the speaker, or by the character in this entry. Descriptors were worried on, somewhat because of the utilization of caesura and furthermore because of the sort of modifiers utilized most were hard sounding and long, with a reasonable use of words beginning with b t d. A gr eat deal of equals are utilized, for example numerous multiple times various words depict a similar thought or thought, this maintains the peruser in control with the comprehensive view and makes it more clear. Reiteration has been utilized in specific cases, now and then utilizing structures. .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .postImageUrl , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:hover , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:visited , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:active { border:0!important; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:active , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92 cd57ea54310ffa .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Handmaids Tale EssaySimiles have been utilized frequently. The audacious rage of the ringers fell about his ears like the blows from a thousand beating hammers, amazed like an intoxicated man, similar to a blade on the mind all portray the result of the sound. Exemplification has been utilized in the subsequent model, where the pinnacle has been contrasted with a tanked man, another model would perspire ringers. Despite the fact that the pinnacle was not really spinning, Sayers utilizes this likeness so as to delineate how the character felt apparent, in that perspective. Similitudes likewise draw out a similar impact, it was sav age torment. This tells the perusers that the standpoint of the speaker has been intensely affected by his emotions and thusly his reasonableness is condensed, inside the entry. Discord is used in the section, to additionally increase the mind-set with this torment, granulating, clubbing, ran-dan. Besides, Sayers has utilized incongruity It was interminably more awful than any overwhelming thunder of ordnance. That had beaten and stunned, yet this terrible deafening clangor was a raving franticness, an ambush of villains. where she suggests that even an idea as solid as mounted guns, which is of an assaulting nature, doesnt overwhelm the sound, as even that kicks the bucket. There are repeating pictures of wheeling, and of the difficult sound. Sentiments stimulated by them are of shortcoming, generally, as the speaker is significantly stifled by them. The setting of a turret appears to be perfect in the light of the section, in other words that so as to depict the contemplations and sentiments of an individual persevering through the strenuous accident of the sound of outsized ringers, it is fitting and makes a feeling of authenticity. State of mind is made by the use of style. The perspective of the speaker is by all accounts one of turning away the distress made by the chimes. The section doesn't educate us concerning the character by and large, as it began with the a strained circumstance and finished when it was understood. In any case, it informs us regarding the considerations and sentiments of the character unmistakably, and the themes. We can see a kind of a fight being battled inside the character himself, attempting to be rational amidst the craziness not purposely felt by the character. The peruser can likewise detect the negativity of the character, as for all intents and purposes the entire section exclusively discusses that. The impact on the character, of the commotion is plainly observed too. The sentiments experienced by the character are of a similar kind anyway gradually expanding along the course of the section, notwithstanding the last passage. Wimsey is very much arranged, as he plainly acknowledges what he needs and is very much aware of his environmental factors. The speaker doesnt legitimately talk yet once, and the idea depicted again affirms his inclination. He additionally shouts yet he cannot hear himself, portraying admirably again to the perusers the entering clamor. This sole line is one of only a handful barely any objective parts of this concentrate, maybe on the grounds that it isn't his implicit sentiments however a given need. Despite the fact that the perusers know about the speakers musings and sentiments, the speaker abstains from talking, conceivably trying to control the franticness felt by him or on the grounds that he was the just one put in this circumstance. The difference in state of mind made in the last section is to a great extent because of the move in the sentiments of the speaker, made by the utilization of words. As he flung the entryways behind him, the demonaic clangor sank once again into the pit, to rise once more, transmuted to concordance, through the louvers of the tower windows. The end last sentence contains a complexity, and clears up the steady feeling of stress and fractiousness felt by the character all through the entry, just as the peruser. By utilizing words like agreement, Sayers makes an increasingly idealistic inclination, and one of help. The expression As he flung the entryways behind him further shows how Wimsey finally didnt feel smothered by the sound, however in reality faintly prevalent, and this inclination is stren

Organizational Development Through Technological Change Implementation

Question: Examine about the Organizational Development Process Through Technological Change Implementation. Answer: Presentation: The hierarchical advancement involves the setting of hypothesis, research and practice that is devoted to the development of information and the viability of individuals in achieving the fruitful authoritative change and the presentation identified with the equivalent (Cummings Worley, 2014). The authoritative change occurs in an association faces a few issues inside the hierarchical work environment that influence a definitive business result. To determine the issues developed inside the association, the equivalent requires some change. The human asset the board division is the liable for the execution of progress. The accompanying report is situated for a situation study that presents the change usage process with all the opposition identified with it. Likewise, the report additionally presents a similar examination of the contextual investigation with another proposed contextual analysis. Significant Sources of Resistance to Change: It is clear from the contextual investigation that the administration of the organization saw a few factors in the organization that opposed the change. The significant protections from the change that are seen in the organization are: Hesitance of the workers was the primary reason that opposed the change implantation of the organization. The workers of the organization already reprimand different divisions for the deferrals all the while or in certain applications. They discovered that the change execution by the substitution of innovation would have the option to follow the procedure and accordingly, they couldn't have the option to accuse others from now on. Disarray and worry from the new framework were made in the brain of more established representatives. They were about their face losing the execution of progress as on the grounds that they need to take in the new innovation from somebody more youthful than them. This made hesitance in the more established workers that came about into the protection from change. Job of association assumed a significant job is opposing the adjustment in the association. The association needed the administration to include a little compensation ascend for the workers who will utilize the innovation as in light of the fact that they need to learn it first and use it for the association. The dismissal of the proposition by the administration came about into the nonparticipation of the association for the change execution. Poor change history is another significant source that opposed the change. The association recently had taken some change usage, which were in any case, incomplete. Thus, the workers don't have faith in the change. Methodologies for Dealing the Resistance: The administration of the organization is to manage the protection from change as the most elevated need, on the grounds that the change execution in the work environment is required for some particular and inescapable reasons that are influencing the business result (Hrebiniak, 2013). Not many methodologies are proposed here to manage the protection from change (Bareil, 2013). Earlier groundwork for the protection from change is required in the administration. The representatives are acclimated with the present way o working and in the greater part of the cases they tend to not acknowledge the change. This is the reason the administration should be set up for the protection from change, as this is the most regular and basic for the representatives to oppose the change. Correspondence is one of the successful techniques that the administration needs to follow to deal with these protections from the representatives. The administration must speak with the workers and discover the underlying driver for their opposition (Prosci, 2017). Legitimate correspondence can frequently evacuate the misconception of the reason. In this manner, a compelling correspondence must be led by the administration. Give worthy motivations to the representatives for acknowledgment of the adjustment in the organization can likewise be a successful technique followed by the administration. The administration must demonstrate some persuading and useful motivations to the hesitant representatives, for example, impetuses (Academlib.com, 2017). This system can be viable to the workers reluctant to acknowledge the change. These essential techniques are proposed to the administration of the organization for managing the obstruction of the workers and the associations to change. Job of initiative: The pioneers of the association are the directors of the equivalent. Consequently, the administration forms depend on the initiative style. The troughs being the pioneers of the association assumes fundamental job in dealing with any issues in the association. The job of the administration covers a wide scope of zone. It is likewise noticed that the administration faces part of dangers in assuming their job appropriately. The job of authority or the board at first spotlights on the worker exercises and propels the equivalent in accomplishing the ideal objectives. Aside from inspiring the representatives for the gathering the business targets, this is likewise the job of the pioneers of the association oversee appropriately the protection from change (Hayes, 2014). The pioneers of the association are to assist the representatives with following the correct way and assume the correct job in the hierarchical procedure and results. The mentalities and conduct or the pioneers of the organization likewise impacts on the workers exercises. In this manner, this is the job of the pioneers to reflect positive and appropriate which can impact the representatives for tolerating the adjustment in the association (diary archieves18, 2017). It is the job of the pioneers to deal with the upset circumstances rose up out of the representative obstruction admirably. What's more, the elements of the pioneers additionally infer that they ought to comprehend the worker point of view too the administration viewpoint and create techniques in like manner roll out the improvement occur in an unhindered manner (Cameron, Green, 2015). So, it is the roe of the pioneer to lead the association with appropriate comprehensive vision and abilities to deal with within issues. Job of Consultants: The advisors are the outside specialists, who deal with the change execution process in an association by structuring systems for the equivalent. Not is all the cases the change operators are experts, yet for some uncommon situations where the administration of the association can't deal with the procedure, the advisors are recruited. Be that as it may, the chiefs in some cases assume the job of the experts. The job of the advisors incorporates (Wright, Sturdy Wylie, 2012): Achieving the adjustment in the hierarchical structure Including himself/herself into the activity plan for understanding the requirement for change Actualizing the change the executives types of gear or framework into the activity configuration to determine the leaving issues Inspiring and empowering the representatives for experiencing the preparation procedure so as to have the best possible usage of the change Realizing the adjustments in the working environment Assuming the job of the pioneer just as the tutor for changing the attitude of the representatives of the association in tolerating and utilizing the change Be that as it may, in the event that I were the specialist for the case I would have included another point into the job of mine as an expert. I might want to speak with every representative actually and attempted to recognize their faltering and cause for opposing the change. I firmly feel that it would b successful in executing the change. End: Be that as it may, the finish of the report infers that the contextual investigation presents an absence of co-activity and comprehension between the administration and the workers of the association. The obstruction of the workers should be dealt with admirably and keenly. It is found from the case that the administration acknowledged the proposition of the associations under the weight and the serious requirement for change. References: 5 Tips for Managing Resistance to Change | Prosci. (2017).Prosci.com. Recovered 14 September 2017, from https://www.prosci.com/change-the executives/thought-initiative library/overseeing protection from change Bareil, C. (2013). Two Paradigms about Resistance to Change.Organization Development Journal,31(3). Bruch, H., Sattelberger, T. (2001). Lufthansa's change long distance race: Process of freeing and centering change energy.Human Resource Management,40(3), 249-259. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making feeling of progress the executives: A total manual for the models, apparatuses and strategies of hierarchical change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization turn of events and change. Cengage learning. Hayes, J. (2014).The hypothesis and practice of progress the executives. Palgrave Macmillan. Hrebiniak, L. G. (2013).Making methodology work: Leading compelling execution and change. FT Press. diary archieves18. (2017). Recovered 14 September 2017, from https://diary archieves18.webs.com/466-477.pdf Jobs of Change Agent, Role of a Change Agent, Reasons for Resistance to Change, Strategies to Minimize Resistance to Change, Education and Communication, Overcoming Resistance to Change - Perspective administration - Academic library - free online school e course readings. (2017).Academlib.com. Recovered 14 September 2017, from https://academlib.com/7817/the executives/roles_change_agent Wright, C., Sturdy, A., Wylie, N. (2012). The executives advancement through normalization: Consultants as standardizers of authoritative practice.Research Policy,41(3), 652-662.

Adventures on the Charles

Adventures on the Charles This summer my friends (who are around, instead of doing cool internships elsewhere) and I are trying to take advantage of the random opportunities around Boston and MIT campus. A lot of these adventures start because of the MITOC (MIT Outing Club) mailing list and other email announcements for free activities. Over Memorial Day weekend, we met the Boston 1 Dragon Boat team and were introduced to the sport. We spent some time on land learning how dragon boat paddle techniques differ from canoeing or kayaking, then divided into two teams, hopped into practice boats, and “trained” for half an hour to compete in a mock-race. Everyone was super friendly and emphasized teamwork and invited everyone back to come to open practices and possibly join the team. We even saw them again this weekend at the Dragon Boat Festival along the Charles! View from the dock where we met up with the team! Meeting one of the captains of the team, Lily, and learning about Dragon Boats. Aaand learning to paddle. On land. (Admittedly, it looked kind of silly but was important to learn) So cute. Much selfie. Very wow. After dragon boating, we walked back to campus through the Boston Commons and Public Gardens, which had some beautiful flowers growing and a very touching tribute to honor the fallen men and women of the armed forces. Moreover, the MIT Boathouse (and students affiliated with it) also offers free classes in water sports like sailing, stand up paddleboarding, and windsurfing. So last week, we took advantage of the windsurfing lessons, learning how to rig the sail and attempting to sail around the Charles in some light wind. We didn’t take any pictures because all 3 hours were spent either assembling the boards or on the water, but it was definitely something I’d try again. And this weekend, we signed up for a canoeing trip and picnic lunch along the Charles River. This excursion was arranged by a grad student (who happened to work in the lab where I UROPed) through MITOC, and was quite an adventure. We had to wheel the canoes from the MITOC boathouse down a busy Mass Ave to the Charles where we could launch. We paddled up towards Harvard through intermittent sun and rain, stopped for a picnic lunch and chat, then paddled back and dragged our huge canoes through the streets of Cambridge once more. Struggling to cross Mass Ave in grainy cell-phone-quality. Lobby 7 columns decorated for the Boston Pride parade. (And a sky so white it looks like an awkward gap on the page .) We launched our boats but had to stick close to the shore (in shrubbery) at first because dragon boats were racing beside us. Cool picture of the graffitid train bridge crossing from Boston into Cambridge. Lunch break! And classic awkward are-you-taking-a-picture-?-?-herp-derp photo. And finally docking  after a whole afternoon of canoeing :) If you look closely you can spy a Lydia in the background! Basically, the moral of this story is to take advantage of MIT’s outdoor activities (ESPECIALLY if you’re on campus over the summer), because it’s really easy to become licensed and take out all kinds of boats and camping supplies and fun things as long as you look for the opportunities. I didn’t know where to look last year, but now that I’m more aware all these things exist (and on a student budget i.e. free most of the time) I plan on spending more of my weekends going on fun excursions and trying new activities! [All photo credits to Rachel R. ’16 and a couple from twitter because I am lazy and never take out my camera/phone. She is the best.]

Nonrenewable Resource Nonrenewable Resources Essay

The Future of Nonrenewable Sources Nonrenewable sources of energy have effect many Americans. Every time a person turns on their vehicle and travel to certain destinations they use up gas. Every three to four months a vehicle needs an oil change. Other than the amount of materials being consume is the high prices people have to pay to get these materials. Oil and coal are to important nonrenewable resource, which means that they cannot be replaced quickly. Science and technology are changing quickly, therefore these nonrenewable resource can be replaced by renewable resources in the near future. Also, saving people some money and keeping the environment clean. Nonrenewable sources Oil, one of the important nonrenewable resource, are refined into petroleum products like gasoline. The United States uses so much petroleum for energy that in â€Å"2014, total U.S. petroleum consumption was about 19 million barrels per day† (EIA, 2016). As long as Americans drive vehicles that require petroleum products people will have to use this nonrenewable resource. Coal, another nonrenewable resource, is used for steel production. â€Å"Global steel production is dependent on coal. 70% of the steel produced today uses coal†, and that means that many public and private buildings include steel when creating them (World Coal Ass 2013). These are nonrenewable sources, therefore meaning that they might run out in the near future. Renewable sources are always available and these sources might be theShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Drawbacks Of Nonrenewable Resources2066 Words   |  9 PagesAdams 13 January 2015 Different Resources: Benefits and Drawbacks There are many resources in the world used by the people of this world. The resources people use are called natural resources. All of these different resources have different uses and are used in different places in the world, but all of them are used to power inventions humans have made. 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The Ethics of Using Stem-cell Research - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1848 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? The ethics of using stem-cell research has become a great issue in the past few years. The advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to conduct the research or not to. This issue arose after the successful cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Ethics of Using Stem-cell Research" essay for you Create order After this, the question Can we use stem-cell research to clone human beings? shifted to Do we want to clone human beings? Many people are scared of the idea that we can just copy ourselves; its not natural. The debate and discussions have been very emotional. Stem-cell research has become a hot topic as technology advances, but because of the risk factors, the way society will react to the research, and the fact that scientists are toying with the laws of nature, it should be banned worldwide. History of issue The stem-cell controversy deals with research ethics that include the development, use and destruction of human embryos. This controversy is more often focused on embryonic stem cells. Its not just human embryos that are involved in stem cell research. For example, different stem-cell research like adult, induced pluripotent, and amniotic do not involve the use, creation, or destruction of human embryos. Other sources of less controversial stem cell research includes the use of umbilical cord, breast milk and bone marrow cells. Stem-cell research was first conducted on Dolly the sheep. The first mammal in history was cloned by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues from the Roslin Institute in Scotland (1996). The successful clone was a sheep, named Dolly. But what really happened during the experiment? The experiment began with 277 fused eggs, 29 of which were fertilized. The fertilized embryos were then reallocated to 13 sheep, but only one of them became pregnant with Dolly on 5 July 1996. There were several dead fetuses from the remaining twelve sheep(Trefil and Hazen 66). Later it was concluded that the methods and the technology used were not very efficient. Dolly eventually died of an abnormal disease in sheep of her age in early 2003. Should we continue with stem-cell research to clone just so more sex cells will be sacrificed? Thomas E. Lovejoy quoted, Genetic engineers do not make new genes, they simply rearrange existing ones (Lee, Turnpenny. Is Cloning Mad, Bad and Dangerous?). Genetic diversity can be l ost due to these gene rearrangements. A species may become extinct due to inbreeding within the population. Stem cell research should therefore not be carried out for cloning. Overview of sources The ability to create human embryonic stem cell lines from the inner cell mass of blastocysts has led to considerable debate on how to regulate these scientific developments. Many scholars and commentators have expressed their opinions on the subject of stem-cell research. The biggest concern is that this research involves playing God. Also, gene diversity may be lost because of gene alterations of an organisms genotypic composition. Aside from all the negative impacts of stem-cell research, the main beneficial use of it would be used for infertility which is caused by genetic defects. Summary of source 1 Peter Dabrock, a professor at University of Marburg, argues against stem-cell research in an article called Playing God? Synthetic biology as a theological and ethical challenge. This article was published on October 10, 2009. Dabrock provides a convincing reason in support of his position. Dabrock, and other critics, view the innovation of stem-cell research as morally suspect because it is viewed as playing god. To conduct this particular research, embryos must be destroyed when stem cells are harvested, and the outcome is equal to the taking of life, which many believe that only God has the power to do. Dabrock states: The heart of many religions, including biblical tradition, is touched when science questions the privilege of the deity or God to decide on the transitions between life and the inanimate. Hence, it seems for many religious people plausible to identify synthetic biology with a new and formerly unknown overstepping of this boundary. (Dabrock) Dabrock explains the situation very well. This argument reflects the view that divine creation is perfect and that it is inappropriate to alter it in any way. Evaluation of source 1 Besides cloning organs and tissues, the subject of taking a human life is what generates the most controversy of all. People believe that it is not ethical to kill an innocent life for the sake of scientific research. These beliefs are based on the assumption that God created human beings in his own image and that God gives them their souls. Therefore, it is not our place to create nor destroy a human being; it is Gods. We would be playing God, in their opinion, and that should not happen. This is the main argument that sets the boundary for the majority of people who are against cloning. Summary of source 2 According to Ehud Isacoff, gene diversity may be lost because of gene alterations of an organisms genotypic composition. Genetic diversity prevents a single pathogen from wiping out the whole population. Gene mutations occur naturally. Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered and described the first gene mutation observed in a fruit fly in 1910 (Isacoff, Ehud Y. Isolation and characterization of the Xanthine dehydrogenase gene of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata.). When gene diversity is lost, people suffer from diseases (genetic diseases in most cases) due to their genetic composition. Nettie Stevens and Edmund Wilson (1905) described the XX genes in females and the XY genes of males (Reich. Cloning crisis goes from bad to worse: amid claim and counterclaim, the apparent triumphs of Koreas stem-cell stars are rapidly unraveling.). When cloned by using stem-cell technology, an organism has identical genes and is high risk to acquire recessive diseases from both parents. There a re 15,500 genetic diseases according to a 1994 Genetic diseases stats sheet release (Ponciano. Hierarchical Models in Ecology: Confidence Intervals, Hypothesis Testing, and Model Selection Using Data Cloning.Ecology 90.2 (2009): 356â€Å"362). Due to the same genotypes in cloned people, breeding is very likely to occur. Evaluation of source 2 Ehud Isacoff presents a valid argument against stem-cell research. A species may be extinct due to inbreeding within the population, i.e. only if cloning occurs in the population. Inbreeding, also defined by the University of Utah, involves the mating of genetically related individuals (Fritz 47). Since clones have identical genes, inbreeding will occur. But how is extinction possible? While some propose that inbreeding is beneficial to a population, statistics and studies have shown that they there are more than 7.3 million infertility cases in the United States of America (Lee. Is Cloning Mad, Bad and Dangerous? EMBO reports 8.1 (2007): 2. ProQuest). If stem-cell research is practiced, there would be more genetically related individuals to mate, but who would reproduce if the infertility rates are maximized? Humans with animals? I didnt think so. Summary of source 3 Besides all the negative impacts that stem-cell research would have on society, there are many beneficial uses of it as well. One of these is a treatment for infertility. Infertility is caused by genetic defects, reproductive organ injuries, congenital defects, toxic substances and radiation exposure. Many assisted-reproduction technologies have been developed. This includes surrogate mothers for women without a functional uterus, intracytoplasmic sperm injection for males who cant produce viable sperm, and IVF for women with blocked or missing fallopian tubes. However, these treatments have proven to be highly inefficient and they can not help people whose reproductive organs have not developed or have been removed. Twelve million Americans are infertile at childbearing age (Reich. Cloning crisis goes from bad to worse: amid claim and counterclaim, the apparent triumphs of Koreas stem-cell stars are rapidly unraveling. New Scientist 188.2531-2532 (2005): 4.Expanded Academic ASAP). They will use painful and costly treatments for years to have little chance of success. Another extremely useful application of the stem-cell technology would be the cloning of organs or tissues for the body. With that, we could not only cure suffering and death, we could extend our lives for decades. It would not be uncommon for people to live to one hundred and fifty years old, or older. If a kidney fails in old age, take the few good cells left and clone a brand new kidney. Clone a new heart when someone suffers a massive heart attack. After more development of stem-cell research, there is even the possibility to repair brain and spinal column damage. If you really think about it, these life-prolonging procedures would probably be reserved for the rich and famous, and not on everyone, as discussed before. Numerous of remarkable benefits can come from stem-cell technology, but not all of it is guaranteed. My mother always told me, if it sounds too good to be true, then it probably is. Evaluation of source 3 Reich raises some good points on how stem-cell research could be used to benefit the health of suffering individuals. The excitement of stem cell research primarily results from the medical advantages in regenerative medicine and therapeutic cloning. Stem cells provide huge potential for finding treatments and cures to a vast array of medical issues like infertility, cancer, Alzheimers, Parkinsons disease and much more. The writers position and reasoning As a biology student, I attempted to approach both sides with an unbiased opinion. I personally think that the world of genetics is fascinating, but after learning of what is now possible through technology, I changed my mind about pursuing a career in the field. I see stem-cell research as a wonderful advancement in technology and knowledge. I do not think it should be used to reproduce humans though. I do not believe that we should try to develop other ways beside the natural way to bring life into this world. Cloning tissues and organs falls under a different category then cloning human beings. I believe that cloning tissues and organs would be beneficial for science and medicine. The research involves fetal tissue, however, which is an entirely different ethical debate. So, with my present understanding I would allow stem-cell research for cloning tissues and organs only. Conclusion Today, the topic of stem-cell research generates more argument then it has ever created before. The controversy over using stem-cell research for cloning is based, in part, on the fact that there are extreme opposing viewpoints on the subject. Also a major factor in the debate over stem-cell research is a fear of new technology. Considering the fact that scientists are uncertain about their own methods and technology, the lost loss of genetic diversity and the possibility of extinction of a population, should stem-cell research even be practiced? Positively, in 2001 Bill Clinton banned cloning. However, research was allowed to be continued so that scientists, perhaps, will be able to promise and prove that their methods and technology are safe to be practiced (Fritz 68). For now, they should not practice stem-cell research because they will put the entire population of planet earth, both humans and animals, in jeopardy. A new evolutionary period would have to restart. We would enter an entirely new evolutionary period that could be more catastrophic than progressive. Is that something youre willing to risk? Think of cloning as plagiarism copying and pasting, its wrong, hence the title!

Financial Benefits of Traffic Management Case Study of Haringey Council Free Essays

string(37) " of the bond issue \(HKS, Undated\)\." Introduction Haringey council is a public sector organisation that is involved in financing many local projects. This paper aims at providing a literature review on the financial benefits of traffic management focusing on the case study of Haringey Council. The literature review focuses on 3 main areas including financing for public sector organisations, financing for local councils and financing in the Parking Department. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Benefits of Traffic Management: Case Study of Haringey Council or any similar topic only for you Order Now Public Sector Financing The government is responsible for collecting tax revenues as well as allocating these revenues to suitable projects such payment of wages to employees, road and railway construction and maintenance, education, health, and defence. The government must provide such projects because left to the private sector alone, these projects will not be provided efficiently. Governments not only raise money from taxes. Some governments find it difficult to cover all its expenditure with tax revenue. Under such circumstances, the government is obliged to borrow either internally through the issue of bonds or externally from other countries. The government is therefore accountable to its citizens on its sources and uses of funds. In order to effectively serve the public, the public sector in many countries is decentralised. Most public goods and services are delivered by local councils. Local councils are responsible for collecting local taxes are delivering local projects to the citizens. For examp le in the United Kingdom, the council is responsible for many delivering many goods and services to citizens within its territory. As a result of the inefficiencies that may result if all goods and services are offered by the private sector, the public sector has emerged as a very important sector of the economy. The public sector is made up of a number of organisations known as public sector organisations. These organisations are responsible for responding to the needs of society that cannot be provided by the private sector. Public sector organisations differ from private sector organisations in a variety of ways at both the functional and organisational levels. Public sector organisations also differ from private sector organisations in terms of their specific objectives, policies, objectives, target products and services. Public sector organisations are particularly interested in achieving social objectives as opposed to private sector organisations which focus on commercial goals (Ramos et al., 2007). Private sector organisations are interested in making profit and creating value for the owners or sharehold ers. As a result, private sector organisations measure their performance using finance. Public sector organisations on the other hand do not focus on making profit. In addition, they do not measure performance solely on financial grounds. Like private sector bodies, public sector organisations have a number of stakeholders with a number of expectations from the organisation (Goodwin, 2000; Ramos et al., 2007). Major stakeholders of the public sector include taxpayers, trade unions, customers, government ministries, social responsibility interest groups, trade unions, trading funds and public corporations (Pollitt, 2000; Ramos et al., 2007) A key difference between the two sectors is the mode in which in sector is financed. Unlike the private sector which relies on debt and equity sources of funding, the main source of funding for the public sector is taxation. This has led to the concept of public finance. Public finance is defined as the financing of goods and services provides by the national and local government through taxation and other means. In other words it is the means by which public sector organisations raise finance for proposed projects and other expenses. In the United States for example, Financing takes the form of debt and can be general obligation bond or revenue bond (HKS, Undated). General obligation bonds are bonds that are issued by government agencies. These are backed by the full faith and credit and taxing authority of the issuer/borrower. General obligation bonds therefore enable the taxing authority to raise necessary funds in anticipation that taxes will cover the repayment of those funds. R evenue bonds on the other hand are backed by the revenue to be generated from the project that is being funded through the bonds (HKS, Undated). These bonds are issued for the financing of special projects including transportation and airport projects. A variety of entities and organisations are involved in the bond issuing process and thus in the financing of public sector entities. These include issuers, investment banks, rating agencies, financial advisors to municipal bond issuers, bond insurers, public fund investment managers and advisors, and investors. In the United State, issuers include Federal, State, local and other agencies and entities including special purpose entities. Investment banks are responsible for helping public sector organisations to raise money. This group include large investment firms such as JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, Citi Group, Morgan Stanley, Morgan Keegan, and Siebert Brandford Shank and Co (HKS, Undated). Credit rating agencies are responsible for providing ratings to the bonds issued by public sector entities. Popular rating agencies in the United States include Standard Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch. The objective of financial advisors to municipal bond issuers is to provide local auth orities with advice on how to raise capital, manage their entities effectively and invest assets in an effective and efficient manner. A typical example of a financial advisor in the United States is Assured Guaranty Corp. Bond insurers are responsible for insuring the bond issues. Public fund investment advisors may be hired by municipal authorities to manage the proceeds of the bond offering until they are needed for the intended purpose. Public fund advisors may also be hired to manage the revenues collected throughout the year from projects funded by the bond issue until they are spent. Investors are the entities that purchase municipal bonds. These include retail and institutional investors such as insurance companies and pension funds. Other organisations involved in the financing of public sector organisations include lawyers who may be required to provide legal advice to issuers on the legal issues related to a transaction as well as the structuring of the bond issue (HKS, Undated). You read "Financial Benefits of Traffic Management: Case Study of Haringey Council" in category "Essay examples" A number of studies have investigated how public sector organisations across different parts of the world are financed. For example, Tang et al. (2012) introduce and formulate a carbon revenue bond a financing tool that can be used as a complement to environmental credit markets to encourage investment in renewable energy. The study provides evidence that the issuing of a carbon revenue bond with a 10-year maturity can fund a significant portion of the initial outlay of a project (Tang et al., 2012). Financing For Local Government Local governments are responsible for providing public services at the local level. In order to effectively provide these goods and services, local governments must be able to generate revenue. According to the decentralisation theorem suggested by Oates (1972) â€Å"local governments should provide services to identifiable recipients up to the point where the value placed on the last (marginal) amount of services for which recipients are willing to pay is equal to the benefits they receive†. The practical implication of the above theorem is that local authorities must have some authority to exercise â€Å"own-source† taxation to be able to meet the marginal costs of providing local goods and services (Yilmaz et al., 2008). Local governments are assumed to be more accountable to citizens when relying on their own tax bases and less accountable when the pleasure of spending is separated from the difficulties associated with generating revenue through taxation (Bahl and Schroeder 1983). The foregoing suggests that, if the central government is responsible for generating tax revenue on behalf of the local government and providing them with grants and subsidies to cover expenditure for the provision of local services, local governments will be less cautious when spending, since they have no knowledge on the difficulties associated with collecting taxes. Allowing them to collect taxes themselves puts them under immense pressure to make good use of the revenue collected. The above suggests that local governments need to be financed through local taxation. Despite the above proposition, local governments across different countries are financed through both local taxes and central government grants and subsidies. For example, in Ireland for example, a significant portion of local government expenditure is financed by grants from the central government (Indecon International Economic, 2005). The local authorities have limited discretion, insufficient revenue buoyancy and an inequitable financing system (Indecon International Economic, 2005). Furthermore, the situation appears to have worsened since 1996 given that central government’s contribution to local government expenditure has increased since 1996. A similar situation is apparent in the Republic of Ireland. Local councils generated only 58% of the revenue in 2012 from business rates and as well as from goods and services. The remaining 42% was contributed by the central government grants and subsidies. Although a significant amount of capital expenditure comes from various government departments, local authorities also generate significant capital income from the growth in construction and the reform of the development contribution System (Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Goverment, 2012). The situation in Denmark is different where local governments finance more than 75% of their expenditures from local taxation (Lotz, 2005). In the United Kingdom in general, local government is financed through council tax, capital receipts, user charges, borrowing, interest charges and government grants (Adam et al., 2007). Local governments can only budget to pay for expenses such as wages and other day-to-day running costs from only a couple of these financing sources. Local governments are not allowed to sell assets or borrow out rightly to cover current spending. In addition, some of the central government grants are restricted only to capital expenditure (Adam et al., 2007). Financing in the Parking Department Empirical evidence of suggests that the council can benefit from management and delivery of many services. However, most studies have focused on different areas. One area that has been widely studied is curb parking. Some studies have examined how local councils can manage curb parking. For example, it has been argued that allowing motorists to park freely on the curb creates a classic commons problem (Shoup, 2003). As a result local governments tend to restrict parking on curb spaces to approximately 1 or 2 hour limits. Despite these restrictions, motorists tend not to respect the limits, making it difficult for their enforcement. Occupying all curb spaces increases turnover thus making it difficult for motorists to find a parking space. This means that drivers need to continue driving in order to locate a space that is being relinquished by a departing motorist. The higher the numbers of cars competing for curb parking spaces, the longer is the time taken to locate a space. Cruisin g therefore creates a moving queue of cars each waiting to locate a vacancy on the curb. However, it is difficult to distinguish between cruisers and cars that are actually going elsewhere. A number of studies have been conducted to determine the actual number of cars that are cruising. The first study was conducted by Simpson (1927 cited in Shoup, 2003) by measuring traffic by counting the number of cars as they repeatedly passed observation points at two locations in Detroit’s CBD from 14:00 to 18:00. The results suggest that 19 percent of cars passing through point one and 34 percent of cars passing through point two were in search of a vacancy on the curb. Cruising is considered a negative form of vehicle travel because it increases the amount of time travelled by the vehicle known as vehicle mile travel (VMT) without taking into account other travel time. VMT is referred to as searching for parking once motorists reach their destinations. Cars simply circle a particular block without going anywhere. Cruising is also capable of reducing travel to congested areas if potential visitors imagine that nobody is going there anymore because it is overcrowded (Shoup, 2003). Cruising therefore creates an impression of crowding which can in turn deter visitors who would otherwise be willing to pay a premium if they could park without cruising and as such limits patronage of the business that cheap curb parking is supposed to help. The foregoing suggests that low priced parking on the curb creates a classic commons problem. Empirical evidence suggests that approximately 8% and 7% of cars in congested traffic were cruising in search of curb parking and that the average cruising time ranged between 3 and 14 minutes. In order to eliminate cruising and thus reduce congestion, curb parking needs to be charged at market-clearing prices. This can result in approximately 5% and 8% of the total land rent in a city. Moreover, in some neighbourhoods, market clearing prices on the curb can provide more revenue to the local authority that the property tax that is being charged on the land (Shoup, 2003). Charging for curb parking is not meant to be a source of local government revenue (Shoup, 2003; Arnott and Rowse,1999). Charging for curb parking is meant to reduce the length of time that a particular car can use the curb. This is because if a single car uses the curb for a very long time it will result in a build-up of traffic. Charing for curb parking is therefore, barely a means of reducing cruising and thus traffic congestion during busy periods. The objective is to limit the occupancy rate to 85%. Therefore, once the occupancy rate is below 85%, curb parking should be free (Shoup, 2003). Once demand increases above this rate, curb parking is no longer a public good because it takes time to find a vacant space and the marginal cost of adding another user increases. Since curb parking is fixed in supply, an increase in demand must result to an increase in price to ensure that the occupancy rate is limited at 85% (Ellickson, 1973). Goodwin (2001) employs prices to manage the deman d of transportation by making a distinction between two policies. The first policy is to get the prices right when travel is undercharged and the second policy is to decide how much traffic is required and then make use of prices to achieve it. The second policy is achieved by setting the occupancy rate for curb parking (Goodwin, 2001). The right price is not chosen by the administration. Rather, the right price is determined by the right occupancy rate. Charging for curb parking also makes it possible for local councils to abandon time limits as a way of reducing congestion in the city. In another study, Shoup (2003) argues that argues based on the 19th-century reformer Henry George by arguing that land rent represents the most appropriate means of generating revenue for the government. Despite the importance of traffic management, there is apparently no literature investigating its potential financial benefits to the society. A study commissioned by the OECD (2007) provides some i nsights on how traffic management through the management of congestion can improve the functioning of urban cities. Congestion imposes a burden on urban travellers. By using effective land planning and appropriate levels of public transport services traffic congestion can be reduced. Reducing traffic congestion provides road users with reliable door-to-door trips. Less congestion facilitates the movement of people, goods and services from one place to another. This reduces the cost of delays thus resulting in overall financial benefits for the overall economy. Low congestion also benefits the council financially in that results in cost savings for the council (OECD, 2007). Litman (2012) in another study investigates how the improvement of parking management can benefit society. While the study does not provide a discussion of the direct financial benefits of parking management, the study provides insights which show that enormous financial benefits can be derived from effective park ing management. The study argues that developing a comprehensive parking management program that incorporates an appropriate combination of cost-effective strategies can usually reduce the amount of parking required at a destination by 20-40% thus providing economic and social benefits (Litman, 2012). The economic benefits can come from reduced congestion which ensures that people, goods and services can move freely from one place to another. In addition, this strategy increases the revenue that local authorities can collect from parking charges. Osborn (2003) focuses on the benefits of Parking Management. The study provides evidence that parking management can result in a wide range of benefits including meeting the economic needs of the community; meeting the financial needs of the developmemt community, supporting the transportation infrastructure and providing opportunities for better streetscape design (Osborn, 2003). Again, the study by Osborn (2003) suggests some potential be nefits of traffic management. However, the study fails to provide an in-depth analysis of the financial benefits. Traffic management is important for Haringey Council because it reduces traffic congestion, improves safety, and reduces environmental pollution. In order to effectively manage traffic, the Council consults with local residents to gain an understanding of their views prior to introduction new traffic rules (Haringey Councl, 2012) The Council also endeavours to publish formal notices regarding traffic measures in the press. Local residents are normally given a three week period to provide objections regarding the introduction of new measures (Haringey Councl, 2012). Once formal objections have been received, they are reviewed and schemes may be redesigned with further notices being published prior to implementation of a legally enforceable Traffic Order. Despite the importance of traffic management to Haringey Council, it can be observed that no study has been conducted to determine what the financial benefits of traffic management can be to Councils in General and to Haringey Council in particular. While some studies have attempted to study traffic management by local authorities, most of the studies have focused only on one aspect of traffic management – charging for curb parking and most of the studies have focused on cities in the United States with very limited attention given to cities in the United Kingdom. This study therefore aims at contributing to the literature in that it focuses on Haringey Council, which is based in the United Kingdom and considers a wider range of traffic management tools as discussed above. In particular the paper extends the literature by evaluating the parking financial strategy and objectives of Haringey council parking services. These issues have not been considered in previous studies despite their significance for traffic management strategic financial planning. In addition, the study focuses on understanding the financial outcomes achieved by parking services in Haringey council in relation to the income generated and investments made in parking projects. The paper also evaluates how financial analysis can promote the success of parking services. Finally, the study aims at making recommendations that will help Haringey council in particular and local authorities in general to improve their traffic management. Conclusions The objective of this paper was to provide a literature review on the financial benefits of traffic management using the case study of Haringey Council. The literature review focused on the financing of public sector organisations, financing of local authorities and traffic management at Haringey Council. With regards to financing public sector organisations, the literature review that public sector organisations are financed mainly through taxes and borrowing. Local authorities on their part are financed through local taxation, borrowing and central government grants and subsidies. With respect to traffic management at Haringey Council, the literature revealed that the Council has made significant investments in managing traffic so as to improve road safety and reduce traffic congestion. References Adam, S., Emmerson, C., Kenley, A. (2007) A Survey of UK Local Government Finance, Institute for Fiscal Studies, IFS Briefing Note No. 74, available online at: http://www.ifs.org.uk/bns/bn74.pdf [accessed: 9th December 2012]. Bahl, Roy, and Larry Schroeder. 1983. Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations. In Local Government Finance in the Third World: A Case Study of the Philippines, ed. R. Bahl and B. Miller. New York: Praeger. Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Goverment (2012). Local Government Finance, available online at: http://www.environ.ie/en/GreenPaper/html/greenp_chaptwelve.html [accessed: 10th December 2012]. Ellickson, B., 1973. A generalization of the pure theory of public goods. American Economic Review, vol. 63, No.3, June, pp. 417– 432. Godwin N. (2000). Leadership and the UK Health Service. Health Policy. Vol. 51 Pp 49-60. Goodwin, P., 2001. Traffic reduction. In: Button, K., Hensher, D. (Ed.), Handbook of Transport Systems and Traffic Control. Pergamon, Amsterdam, pp. 21– 32. HKS (Undated) Public Finance, Havard Kennedy School, available online at: http://www.hks.harvard.edu/var/ezp_site/storage/fckeditor/file/pdfs/degree-programs/oca/Gateway_PublicFinance2011.pdf [accessed: 10th December 2012]. Indecon International Economic (2005) Indecon Review of Local Government Financing Report Commissioned by the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, available online at: http://www.environ.ie/en/LocalGovernment/LocalGovernmentAdministration/LocalGovernmentFinance/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad,1944,en.pdf [accessed: 10th December 2012]. Law, J., Smullen, J. (2008) â€Å"Public Finance† in A Dictionary of Finance and Banking (4 rev ed.) Oxford University Press. Lotz, J. (2005) Accountability and Control in the Financing of Local Government in Denmark, OECD Journal On Budgeting, 5(2) Oates, W. 1972. Fiscal Federalism. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovic. Pollitt, Christopher. Bouckaert, Geert. (2000). Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis, Oxford University Press. Ramos T.B., Alves I., Melo J. J. (2007). Environmental performance policy indicators for the public sector: The case of the defence sector. Journal of Environmental Management. Vol. 82 Pp 410-432. Shoup, D. C. (2003)The ideal source of local public revenue, Regional Science and Urban Economic,s 34 ,753– 784 Tang, A., Chiara, N., Taylor, J. E. (2012) Financing renewable energy infrastructure: Formulation, pricing and impact of a carbon revenue bond, Energy Policy 45, 691–703 Yilmaz, S., Beris, Y., Serrano-Berthe, R. (2008) Local Government Discretion and Accountability: A Diagnostic Framework for Local Governance, Social Development Papers, Local Governance Accountability Series Paper No. 113 / July. Osborn, L. (2003) Parking Management Programs as Effective TDM Land Use Strategies ACT International Conference – Parking Management Strategies-September 2003 Litman, T. (2012) Parking Management Strategies, Evaluation and Planning, [online] Victoria Transport Policy Institute: Available at: http://www.vtpi.org/park_man.pdf [accessed: 11th January 2013]. OECD (2007) Managing Urban Traffic Congestion, [online] Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development: Available at: http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/CongestionSummary.pdf [accessed: 11th January 2013]. Arnott, R., Rowse, J., 1999. How to cite Financial Benefits of Traffic Management: Case Study of Haringey Council, Free Case study samples

Essay Foot Health Diploma

Question: Write an essay on foot health diploma Answer: Injuries can happen to the human at the point of age and due to any reason, as human are prone to the injuries. The knock at any part of the body is painful and the area behind the knee known as popliteal fossa can be more painful. The nerve that passes through the particular part is the popliteal nerve and the nerve runs towards the lower part of the leg and finally to the foot. The nerve according to DiNubile and Scali (2010) provides both motor strength and sensation to the foot. Any sort of injury at the particular part of popliteal fossa or popliteal nerve shows the symptoms of numbness, pain, weakness and tingling at the lower part of the leg including ankle and foot. Any sort of vascular injury causes bleeding from the popliteal artery or vein causing a pool of blood or hematoma that result in severe pain in the particular location. The main injuries in the muscle that may occur are like soft tissues, nerve, ligaments, muscle, menisci, artery or vein. Injury in the soft tissues may cause redness and some scratches may occur. If proper care is not taken at appropriate time then severe infection may cause in the soft tissue known as Cellulitis (Tocci et al. 2010). The plantaris muscle that passes through the popliteal fossa may tear due to the injury. Too much of motor deficits or deformity will not take place due to the tear but there may be a severe pain in the area. The hamstrings that pass near the area of the popliteal fossa may get affected and causes severe pain and motion becomes difficult. Rupture in the popliteal fossa may cause damage in the vein or artery or rupture of the large vessel. This rupture may cause more bleeding in the area and the blood may get clotted which will result in the severe pain. The blood clot needs to be removed through vascular repair or surgical evacuation (Stannard et al. 2010). The symptoms that are observed due to the damage in the nerve may be observed due to the compression in the nerve cell resulting in the hematoma. Disability or severe pain may result if there is damage in the ligaments. As explained by Comfort and Abrahamson (2010) motor dysfunction or serious pain in the movement may take place if the pain or the knock is caused due to the injury during the sport and affects the lateral ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. The following ligaments are the important part through which the easy movement, knee extension and flexibility causes. Rupture of the ligaments and swelling of the particular part may sometimes result in the fractures, and sort of such indication must be treated and taken proper care at the particular time to avoid any risk for the near future. As the knee is a very sensitive part and the region behind the knee is the important structure that includes arteries, veins, muscle components and nerves, therefore a hard knock at that particular region should be avoided by taking protection of the knee. References Comfort, P. and Abrahamson, E. (2010). Sports rehabilitation and injury prevention. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. DiNubile, N. and Scali, B. (2010). Framework for the knee. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale. Stannard, J., Lopez, R. and Volgas, D. (2010). Soft Tissue Injury of the Knee after Tibial Plateau Fractures. Journal of Knee Surgery, 23(04), pp.187-192. Tocci, S., Heard, W., Fadale, P., Brody, J. and Born, C. (2010). Magnetic Resonance Angiography for the Evaluation of Vascular Injury in Knee Dislocations. Journal of Knee Surgery, 23(04), pp.201-208.

Cigarettes - Addiction And Prodeuct Dangers Essays - Smoking

Cigarettes - Addiction And Prodeuct Dangers Cigarettes - Addiction and Product Dangers It is clear that businesses have an obligation to inform their customers about their product's ingredients and dangers. Looking at the case of Rose Cipollone we see that she was a heavy smoker. Her doctor's had to remove part of her right cancerous lung and informed her that she had to quit smoking. Unfortunately, she was addicted. Her doctor's removed the rest of her lung that year and she finally quit smoking. She then sued the Liggett Group, the makers of the cigarettes she smoked. The lawsuit charged that the company knew of the link between cancer and smoking in the early 1940's. The company was found innocent of conspiring with other tobacco companies to hide the dangers of cigarette smoking but guilty on the grounds of falsely claiming its products were safe. However, things have changed. It is not 1940 anymore, when people were ignorant about the dangers of smoking. Tobacco companies now have Surgeon General warnings on cigarette packs. Unless they have been living under a rock, the general public should have been exposed to enough information by this time when it comes to cigarettes and addiction. Nicotine information is but a click away. Tobacco companies should no longer have the obligation to warn their customers, except if a new ingredient is added, in which case they should be notified. No one is saying get rid of the Surgeon General warnings, but enough is enough! If a person wants to smoke 3 packs of cigarettes a day, then that is their choice; tobacco companies should not be held responsible. Let us examine the hype surrounding the supposed danger and addition of nicotine. The Food and Drug Administration tells us that nicotine (the addictive drug found in cigarettes) is just as addictive as cocaine and should be illegal. Much of the rhetoric of the anti-smoking movement seeks to demonize tobacco smokers as nicotine addicts. In the past, of course, the term addict has been generally applied only to mind-altering drugs, e.g., heroin and cocaine. Even alcohol, which is mind-altering, is not generally referred to as additive. So, the argument is one of semantics. If nicotine is addictive, so are chocolate candies, pies and cakes, etc. Indeed, if addiction is defined as dependence upon some chemical, everyone is addicted, to air! Nicotine and cocaine are two different things. They may be just as addictive as each other but they certainly do not produce the same effect. Let us take a closer look at the properties of nicotine. Nicotine is a chemical, C10H 14N 2, which is found in the tobacco plant. Anti-smokers are quick to point out that pure nicotine is a poison, used as a pesticide. And it's true that pure nicotine (a colorless, odorous liquid) is poisonous. What that means is that to kill a 180-lb man, he'd have to drink about 80 mg of the stuff. Many other common substances, however, also have minimum lethal doses. According to the same source, ingesting a gram of caffeine is fatal. Most of the nicotine in tobacco is lost in the process of smoking. Only a little finds its way into the smoker's bloodstream. That small quantity may account for some of the beneficial effects of smoking, e.g., improved mental concentration. Strangely, fine Havana cigars, when they were available, contained only 2% nicotine. If, in fact, nicotine is the reason why people smoke, it seems strange that people would pay enormous amounts of money for Havana cigars, which contain so little nicotine. (Colby, Chapter 11). Nicotine is quite different from cocaine. Here are most of the effects of cocaine: The effects of any drug depend on several factors: ? The amount taken at one time. ? The user's past drug experience ? The manner in which the drug is taken ? The circumstances under which the drug is taken (the place, the user's psychological and emotional stability, the presence of other people, the simultaneous use of alcohol or other drugs, etc.). Cocaine's short-term effect appears soon after a single dose and disappears within a few minutes or hours. Taken in small amounts (up to 100 mg), cocaine usually makes the user feel euphoric, energetic, talkative,

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Saturated Definition - Chemistry Glossary The terms saturated and saturation may have different meanings in chemistry, depending on the context in which they are used. Here are the three most common definitions: Saturated Definition #1 This chemistry definition refers to a saturated compound. A saturated substance is one in which the atoms are linked by single bonds. A fully saturated compound contains no double or triple bonds. Alternatively, if a molecule contains double or triple bonds, it is considered to be unsaturated. Example: ethane (C2H6) is a saturated hydrocarbon that has no double or triple bonds, while ethylene has a CC double bond and ethyne has a carbon-carbon triple bond. An organometallic complex is said to be unsaturated if it has fewer than 18 valence electrons and is therefore exposed to oxidative coordinate or addition of another ligand. Saturated Definition #2 This definition refers to a saturated solution. In this context, saturated refers to a point of maximum concentration, in which no more solute may be dissolved in a solvent. Saturation, in this context, depends on temperature and pressure. Usually, raising the temperature allows a solution to dissolve more solute. Example: When you grow crystals from an aqueous (water) solution, you dissolve as much solute into the water as you can, to the point where no more will dissolve. This produces a saturated solution. Saturated Definition #3 Although not a technical chemistry definition, saturated may mean thoroughly soaked with as much water or other solvent as possible. Example: If a protocol asks you to completely saturate a filter paper with solution, this means to thoroughly wet it. If an atmosphere is at its highest humidity level for a given temperature, it is saturated with water vapor.

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Approaches To Leadership In Tata Group Management Essay

Approaches To Leadership In Tata Group Management Essay Introduction: Leadership is an integrated part of our life. According to corporate chief and former US presidential candidate Ross Perot, the principles of leadership are timeless because, in a rapidly changing world, human nature remains a constant. We all experience leadership in our life from early childhood in our families, through friendships, social sports activities, school higher education, in politics, in government and of course in our work. We all recognize leadership in other people and often in ourselves. In government, global corporations and small businesses alike, the leadership role is becoming more demanding, more open to scrutiny and more difficult [Gill, R. 2006]. The development of leadership theory also parallels the development of organizational theory. The bureaucratic form of business organization is characterized by laissez-faire leadership whereby so-called leaders tend to avoid taking a stand, ignore problems, not follow up, and refrain from intervening or transactional leadership, in which leaders practise management by exception, focusing only on deviations from what is required, and contingent reward, rewarding people (either materially or psychologically) for achieving what is required. The emergence of the post-bureaucratic form of organization in the late nineteenth century reflects the development of the concept of transformational leadership [Gill, R. 2006]. Theory Approaches to Leadership: Many Leadership theories and approaches have been evolved around Style, Trait, Behaviour, Situation and Charisma. Many researchers made efforts linking these theories across these leadership approaches. However, each leadership model has its merit, assumptions and limitations. Most recent researches are conducted on Situational Transformational leadership styles. Various leadership Gurus presented new models as variations to the already existing models. Max Weber, MacGregor, Bass, Bennis Nanus are some of the most important researchers in the area of transformational leadership. The difference between transactional and transformational leadership is vital in getting the whole concept of transformational leadership theory. In general, a relationship between two people is based on the level of exchange they have. The more exchange they have the stronger the relationship. Managers expects more productivity from employee in order to give good rewards. In this way, if something is done to anyone based on the return then that relation is called Transactional type. In business, leaders announce rewards in turn to the productivity. These relations are all about requirements, conditions and rewards (wordpress.com). In our life at various stages some things are happen without any expectation from other side e.g. mothers love for her babies. This is one for of transformational approach. Transformational Leaders work toward a common goal with followers: put followers in front and develop them, take followers to next level, inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests in achieving superior results (wordpress.com). Here we discuss the various forms of leadership and Table 1, given below shows how Basss full range model of leadership works [DBS Notes]. Table 1 By studying the evolution of leadership approach of the TATA Group, an in-depth analysis of importance of leadership model is given now onwards. Leadership Approach in TATA Group: TATA Group founded in 1868, is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai. The Group has more than half million employees spread across over six continents (more than 100 countries) and is the largest private corporate group in India. The estimated market capitalization of the group is worth $80bn. It is the biggest employer in UK as well, employing more than 50,000 people. It has main interests in communications, IT, engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. Its present chairman, Ratan Tata is the most influential business leaders in India. He is also one of the worlds most influential people as per Forbs magazine. The Group is known for ethics and value based business approach. Evolution of Leadership in TATA Group: Under the leadership of the Ratan Tata, the Group has incorporated more leadership changes which were essential in current environment to drive towards to be more competitive. In terms of leadership style, the Group has adopted a team-led culture and collective effort approach. Trust became a major factor and theme of the group. Ratan has put a complete organisational restructuring, since he became chairman of the group in 1991, by taking a more matrix-style approach building teams. These changes have transformed a lot in the group business, senior managers have to be on their toes and flexibility and adaptability became essential qualities to have. The leadership changed from a centralised, command centre to a much more distributed form with employees and all managers enjoying greater responsibility and knowledge, which in turn motivated them to work harder and as a group. From well established leadership models such as the McGregor Theory X and Y; in which the theory X manager believes workers dislike work, are not creative and avoid all responsibility whilst the theory Y manager believes that workers get as much enjoyment from work as they can derive with leisure, accept responsibility and be creative. Theory Y approach has been adopted by the Ratan Tata. He wanted all his managers to be modelled as closely to Theory Y and he himself could be called a Theory Y facilitator. He encourages managers to be more innovative and share all their ideas, consulting actively with them and giving them more responsibility and importantly encouraging team-working. Five Factor Leadership Model: Emotional Stability: Ratan has very low anxiety within him and has great sense of security with his future leadership. Extraversion: Even being a bachelor Ratan is very sociable. He has produced very positive affect on future leadership of the Group. Openness: He believes in originality and versatility. By making  £1200/- car he has shown his great interest with and innovation seeking personality. Agreeableness: Within his management team and outside world, Ratan is well trusted and very friendly. Conscientiousness: He is very dutifulness. He spent most of his life working for Group without having any self-interest. He leads a very well organised life. Style (Behaviour) Theory in TATA Group: As per style theory, there are three kind of leadership models are available in literatures. These are as given below. Autocratic Democratic Laissez-faire Ratan Tata is a leader who engages in more democratic style of leadership approach and occasionally shows the other two leadership styles as well. He is more democratic because he always encourages his group leadership to be creating good communication and participation. The budding leadership are well informed about group future strategy and they are very well engaged in decision making process. Most of the group long-term and short-term strategies are formulated by the lower rank of the leadership and are treated as stake holders. Ratan has occasionally shown some short of autocratic style of leadership. Sometimes when needed especially when quick and informed decisions have to be taken, but he is never too commanding in his nature, being a man of few words and being more of a man of action. This is evident from the manner he aggressively pushes for bold international deals, such as during the global acquisitions of business powerhouses such as Corus, JLR, and Tetley. One of his se nior leadership team members, Muthuraman refers him Ratan was the chief architect of the Corus deal. I was worried about the magnitude and the amount of money. But he instilled confidence. In daily routine matters and in developing the leadership, Ratan also uses the Laissez-Faire model such as the delegation of important duties and decision-making, he also do not interfere with any managers functioning, he might make a broad strategic assessment but he does not interfere in operational issues and details, which shows that he has his trust and faith in his managers and believes in their ability. Another quote from Gopalakrishnan, an executive director of the company, expresses how much value Ratan places on his trust, this can be highly motivating for managers and workers alike, I remember what Ratan told us at a meeting. He said that he will continue to trust all his managers, but once they lose that trust, he will go after them. I think that is a very fair deal. Max Webers Leadership Model in TATA Group: Looking at Max Webers Transactional and Transformational Leadership models, where leadership is classed in three forms, Bureaucratic, Charismatic and Traditional, where a Bureaucratic leader is one who is always bound by the set rule and never go beyond them; a Traditional leader is one who does and follows everything from a history and always loyal to obey these traditions and a Charismatic leader is one who uses his own wit or abilities to inspire and is one who can be described as radically opposed to administrative rules and set principles. From these models, Ratan Tata falls into the Charismatic form because he is one who leads by example, coming up with highly innovative ideas such as  £1200 (Rs. One Lakh) car the Nano, budget hotels or low-end watches, he brought radical change to the Tata Group as a whole, changing it from its Traditional mindset to new more flexible and adaptive cultural mindset in global world. Bennis Nanus Transformational Leadership Model in TATA Group: We can see from Bennis and Nanuss Transformational Leadership model that the transformational leaders groom their followers into self-empowered leaders and their main focus is to articulate vision and values clearly so these self-empowered leaders know where to go. Their traits include logical thinking, persistence, empowerment and self-control. Benniss and Nanus has evolved the model which emphasis on the four Is of Transformational leadership, which are Idealised Influence (being a role model) Inspirational Motivation (creating a team spirit, motivating and provide a challenge) Intellectual Stimulation (innovation and creativity) Individual Consideration (mentoring and providing support for followers) Ratan Tata has been proved a true transformational leader. We can see all Is built-in in Ratan Tata. He is the leader with great vision hence he knows right approach to groom future leadership. He has created the team spirit in whole group at every level. He has empowered all his managers and executives and has complete faith in them. He is extremely innovative and is credited for much of the Groups new products; he places a great deal of importance to his RD department. He deeply cares about the welfare of all his employees and managers. During the Mumbais terrorist attack in Taj Hotel (belongs to TATA Group), he took front line in leading at the time of crises. In his leadership statement he articulated One hundred years from now, I expect TATA Group to be much bigger, of course, than it is now. Best in the manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver and best in our value system and ethics. [tata.com] As a leader of a global business group, Ratan, knows the fierce competition experienced by group business empire. He put a lot of effort in making his business competitive at global level. Through transformational leadership process, the group has made their processes and technology up to date. Ratan Tata said to his managers in his leadership speech A company or business which remains static is a business that will die; a company that constantly changes and accepts that there are better ways to do things than the way they are done today, is a company that will survive in the global market that we face. From this statement we can infer that he knows the importance of developing a good leadership within group to take Group to new heights. Ratan, involves strategy in leadership. He is a deep thinker and a brilliant strategist as is described by one of his Executive Directors, Alan Rosling, He is a deep thinker and extremely strategic. He is always 2-3 steps ahead. Ratan Tata is a man o f strong integrity, ethics and valued principles. He cultivated the same across the Group companies. One of his companies CEO said Tata has shown that there is no other way he will do business other than do it ethically. He believes in strong value based leadership approach in doing business. Ratan Tata has led the TATA Group to transforming from local business group to become a global leader. Leadership Development in TATA Group: TATA Group has long standing leadership program in-place. Their leadership program is based in British Administrative Service model. Groups leadership development programme aims at grooming the managers of today into the leaders of tomorrow. The leadership development programme conceived by JRD Tata, the late chairman of Group in 1950s. The idea behind the leadership programme known as Tata Administrative Services (TAS) was to select and groom young managers, provide them opportunity for professional growth, and make them leaders of tomorrow. This is TATAs in-house programme and has goal is to provide training to high performers, act as a cradle of change and develop the leadership qualities. Most of the Group companies are traditionally led by these in-house groomed leaders. Cons in Leadership Development in TATA Group: Although Ratan Tata has been very successful in leading the group to a new height, but as in case of every leadership he lacks in few of the areas, these areas includes his successor and integration of his own companies in smaller numbers. Due to large number of companies within group, there is chance of internal conflict between its own companies leadership. There have been cases when the Ratan Tatas leadership has been ineffective in dealing with some critical situation. Ratan Tata will be retiring next year and the group is still struggling to get his replacement. He made himself bigger than the group as a whole. Most of the group leadership hover around him and whole leadership has become Ratan centric. Due to recent scam in 2G spectrum allocation in India, the group reputation has been affected severely. Its few of the top leadership were involved in different scams which could prove detrimental to group business in future. Furthermore TATA Group leadership lacks international f lavour. This could be a major hindrance for the group in becoming a major global player. Conclusions: Ratan Tata has transformed TATA as global brand under his leadership. He has created a rank of leadership to whom he can easily pass the leadership baton. Grooming 98 CEO/MD (TATA Group has 98 companies in its group) is a challenging job in which Group has been very successful so far. He has provided inspiration to leaders within his own company. Ratan Tata has successfully led and motivated its CEO/MD of the group companies to be ambitious. Ratan Tata has adopted a management by consensus style. Leading a large group of companies in current business scenario of changing regulations, increasing competition and global economy could be a tough challenge for many business leaders. Leading the business through these tough times and growing multi-folding revenues could be a dream for many business leaders. Achieving this requires clear vision, innate conviction, ability to inspire and guide along the way. Ratan Tata established himself to be the right leader who has helped the company sai l through the turbulent waters and reach the desired lands. Appendix: Reference List DBS Managing People Lecture Notes Roger Gill, Theory and Practice of Leadership, Sage Publication, 2006 Robins, S.P Judge T.A (2010) 10th Edition, Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Pearson, ISBN 0-13-815763-4 http://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/08/04/transactional-leadership-vs-transformational-leadership/ http://business.outlookindia.com/inner.aspx?articleid=682editionid=22catgid=70subcatgid=464 http://www.tata.com/company/Articles/inside.aspx?artid=YJbf7uiUY0M= Visionary Leadership: Creating a Compelling Sense of Direction for Your Organization (Jossey Bass Business and Management Series): Burt Nanus Tata Group Annual Reports (1991 -2011)